Descent Into Savagery: Lord of The Flies

Descent into Savagery Lord of The Flies 11/15/2013 By: Em Boone. Grade 10 English The novel â€Å"Lord of The Flies† seems completely Innocent at first, but as you read on, you can tell that the isolated island is getting to them. The boys become violent and thirsty for human fear. They are questioned â€Å"Is the beast only within us? † I will describe their descent into savagery with a variety of extracts from the novel, trying to prove that the ‘best' is within us all. In the beginning the boys are very civilized and decide that since they are British hey must do things properly.Ralph was the one to blow the conch, so they all agree to vote him chief. â€Å"Let's vote – him with the shell. † (P. 21 . ) Jack the other candidate for chief looks shocked that for once In his life, he wasn't chosen first. Ralph noticing this announces that Jack is In charge of the choir and lets him chose their Island Job. Jack makes them hunters. Ralph In my opinion w as a good choice, he proves this later on by thinking thoroughly and keeping a sane civil mind. Ralphs first decision as chief Is for Jack, Simon and himself to do the ‘grown-up' hing and explore the Island.They want to make sure It Is an Island, and see If they're in fact the only human Inhabitants. When finished exploring, they are proven right. â€Å"There aren't any grown-ups. We shall have to look after ourselves. † (P. 31 . ) Ralph then creates his first rule: having ‘hands-up' Ilke at school during assemblies, then that person would be given the conch In order to speak. The hunter's fist opportunity to kill a pig Is during the exploring of the Island. Jack raises his knife Into the alr and freezes. He doesn't stab the pig because â€Å"of the normity of the knife descending and cutting Into llvlng flesh; because of the unbearable blood. (P. 29. ) In the beginning death was scary. This shows Jack not being able to bare the blood, which aggravates him more, because he wants to look superior and heuristic towards the others. The first moment the savage wlthln Is brought out Is when the child with the birthmark talks. â€Å"He says he saw a ‘beastie' the snake-thing and will It come back tonight? † (P. 34) the children are afraid of the night and the shadows. Their Imaglnatlve mlnas not only create a Tear Tor tnemselves, out Tor all 0T tnem; even hough the ‘bigguns' won't admit it, or believe that the fear is of themselves.Their next move is making a signal fire, which goes chaotic – they all become overly excited and end up burning down part of the forest along with burning the boy with the birthmark to death. When the fire burns out Jack realizes the mistake theyVe made and says â€Å"We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English. † (P. 40) The boys become more tribal when Ralph and Jack buttheads about how Jack and his hunters haven't putting as much contribution as the others in building shelters. The madness came into his eyes again. ‘l thought I might kill. Ralph points out that he didn't and asks for his help and Jack Just declares â€Å"We want meat-! â€Å"(P. 47) This leads to a row between the two. In the end Ralph says â€Å"All I'm saying is we've worked dash hard. That's all. † (P. 47) Jack is beginning his inhumanity behavior and wants nothing to but hunt. This is when the real fun' begins; Jack brings out the real beast in himself by painting his face to hide from his self-consciousness and shame, he becomes an alter ego who lives off the fear of other living things. He wants power within the knife he possesses.His first act of being â€Å"an awesome stranger† (P. 58) is creating the war dance to slaughter a pig: â€Å"Kill the pig, cut her throat, spill her blood. † (P. 62) ironically, earlier he wanted rules he said â€Å"We're not savages. We're English. † (P. 40) Painting your face, and crea ting a killing dance is savage in my opinion. When a ship passes and everyone's home of rescue is crushed when they learn of Jack not caring that he let the fire out – I realized he didn't miss home like the others. This creates more tension between Ralph and Jack. fou said you'd keep the fire going and you let it out!

My Journey to Life Introduction

My Autobiography â€Å"When my Parents First Met† Sometime in 1974 when Christmas is approaching, accordingly my parents told me that they happened to meet at a certain canteen in Green Hills San Juan, Rizal and came to know each other while they were still studying in College. Late after one year they came to be engaged with each other. Knowing more each family background, and accepted by both. After my father had graduated his course in Manila, they decided with both parental onsent’s to get marry. They went home to Batanes to receive their matrimony of marriage at the Miraculous Medal of Virgin Mary at Itbud, Uyugan, Batanes. In their continuous companionship, in the hardship of living, they were blessed with three children, all girls. They were Cheryl, Richel, and Louelle. Even in their hardship of bringing up my sisters, still they never quit seeking better information which is getting into college. They survived with the effort.My father and mother both graduated the course of Bachelor of Science in Commerce major in Accounting at Saint Dominic College, Basco, Batanes, sometime in 1990. For better qualification, they were both employed on level 2 ranked and file positions. My mother is still employed to the now Provincial Agriculturists Office as HRMO-II; and my father has just retired from the DPWH Batanes, their employment helps so much as the source to carry on in racing their first 3 children until they were in college. 6 years later blessed with another baby girl whom my father named Dandy. Dandy means according to him a child who hold up and down sweetly. After weeks, they brought their child to receive her baptism at Saint Dominic Paris Chapel. The child received her baptismal feminine name Dandelle which I am carrying on. I wrote this when I was still in Third Year High School for an Auto biography project. I only included the introduction part of it for my Autobiography is long and I don't want to tell much about me.

Injustice in the Education System Essay

Educational inequality takes place where the worth of education accessible to pupils is directly related to their class. Unequal allocation of resources to children with different socioeconomic status backgrounds has been linked to lower test scores and low college enrolment rates. However re cent researched proved that as of the moment there are three preeminent educational injustices that infects almost all kinds of education systems, and these are: Educational promotion inequalities (or) Arbitrary tracking systems, racial categorization (gender, geographic, institutional) and Displacement of control (misallocation, disproportion, unresponsive. ) In the U. S. , school quality and availability of resources are determined by the amount of funding that schools receive. The amount of funding schools receive is determined to a large extent by property taxes paid by homeowners; close to half of property taxes go to nearby school districts( Braddock,1990). Property tax dilemma The more affluent a neighborhood, the higher the property taxes, and the higher the funding for that school district is. Although this situation seems favorable, the problem emerges when the equation is reversed. In neighborhoods inhabited by predominantly working and lower class families, properties are less expensive, and so property taxes are much lower than those in affluent neighborhoods. Consequently, funding for the schools districts that working and lower class children are assigned to is also significantly lower than the funding for the school districts that children of affluent families are assigned to. Thus, students in working and lower class schools do not receive the same quality of education and access to resources as do students from affluent families. The reality of the situation is that distribution of resources for schools is based on the socioeconomic status of the parents of the students. As a result, the U. S. educational system significantly aids in widening the gap between the rich and the poor, a gap that has increased, rather than decreased, over the past few decades due to lack of social mobility (Haycock,1987). Wage gaps Wage gaps for paid work-one form of disadvantage and oppression based on gender- though slowly shrinking, persist in the united States and across the globe. Social mobility Social mobility refers to the movement in class status from one generation to another. It is related to the â€Å"rags to riches† notion that anyone, with hard work and determination, has the ability to move upward no matter what background they come from. Contrary to that notion, however, sociologists and economists have concluded that although exceptions are heard of, social mobility has remained stagnant and even decreased over the past thirty years (NEA, 1990). Some of the decrease in social mobility may be explained by the stratified educational system. Since the educational system forces low-income families to place their children into less-than-ideal school systems, those children are typically not presented with the same opportunities and educational motivation as are students from well-off families, resulting in patterns of repeated intergenerational educational choices for parent and child, also known as decreased or stagnant social mobility(Lareau, 2003). Other factors Social immobility expresses itself in lower class children who follow in the same footsteps as their parents, mainly not obtaining higher education. The result of such choices is that the poor remains poor and the rich go to college. Reasons for poor children opting to not pursue college range from a variety of different explanation. Lower class children have not grown up with the same expectations of life because these have not been instilled in them by their parents, or most importantly, by the educational system. The U. S. educational system fails its lower-income students by not providing them with the same access to resources and opportunities as it does to its more affluent students. Furthermore, several studies have shown that programs such as gifted education and tracking (education) further manage to separate those with higher level skills from those with lower level skills, which often happens to be the rich from the poor. In fact, the vast majority of children in gifted student programs happen to be middle-class Caucasian. This is not to say that poor students are not as smart as rich students, but it does imply that they have not received the same opportunities in childhood to develop certain skills. Middle and upper class students grow up with parents who foster their intellectual and educational development by engaging in a child raising approach known as concerted cultivation. This approach values education and learning, and parents engaged in this form of parenting value visits to the museum, extracurricular activities, homework, tutoring, and reading to their children. Furthermore, middle and upper-class parents can afford to place their children in significantly better childcare centers before they enter grade school. As the Carolina Abecedarian Project (below) found, these are essential elements in future educational and life successes. Evidence for the unequal distribution of college students’ socioeconomic status can be seen by examining college enrollment rates and demographics. One study examined the top 146 colleges in America and found that the average student representation on the colleges was the following: 75% of students came from socioeconomic backgrounds consistent with the richest 25% of the population. Less than 5% of students came from the poorest 25% of the population (Leonhardt, & Scott,2005). Zoning as a new injustice PS 194, the Countee Cullen School, is nestled in the heart of Harlem in Community School District Five, one of the poorer districts in New York City. On March 20, it was the scene of a tense hearing. The full school auditorium was fiercely divided into two camps — on the one side, parents of PS 194 students fighting to keep their neighborhood school open, and on the other side, Eva Moskowitz and her supporters demanding that the entire building be turned over to her Harlem Success Academies. Behind that conflict was the New York City Department of Education — and not just because it was the DOE which was planning to replace PS 194 entirely with one of Moskowitz’s schools. There is a long and sordid record of DOE neglect and underfunding of PS 194 — it had one of the largest class sizes in CSD 5 and on average 7 more students per class than Moskowitz’s schools — and of the imposition of a series of ineffectual principals — five over the last five years. Yet despite all that, PS 194 was a school that had met its Annual Yearly Progress Benchmarks under No Child Left Behind and was in good standing with the New York State Education Department until last school year. And still the DOE has decided to close it down based solely on the school’s failing grade on the city’s School Progress Reports. One can not help but wonder if that is a decision being made not on academic merit, but out of a desire to create new space for the schools of a politically powerful former city councilwoman (Gootman, E. & Gebeloff, 2008). On March 17 of this week, parents of students from PS 194, together with parents of students from two other New York City public schools — PS 241 in Harlem and PS 150 in Ocean Hill-Brownsville — joined representatives of the Community Education Councils for those schools, the New York Civil Liberties Union and the UFT in filing suit against the Department of Education over its plans to close all three schools and replace them entirely with charter schools. The law suit charges that by closing these three schools and not replacing them with new district schools, the DOE is illegally eliminating the school attendance zone for the three schools. All zoning changes must, by statute, go through the Community Education Councils for the district. PS 194, PS 241 and PS 150 have a few things in common. First, they serve a significantly poorer student body than the rest of their district and the city as a whole — one of the schools, PS 150, has 97% of its students receiving free lunches. Second, they have significant numbers of English Language Learners in their student population — one of the schools has as many as 1 in 5 students in that category. And lastly, two of the three schools —PS 150 as well as PS 194 — were meeting their Annual Yearly Benchmarks under No Child Left and were in good standing with the State Education Department through 07-08. The third school — PS 241 — went from a ‘B’ on its NYC School Progress Report last year to a ‘D’ this year, meaning that the decision to close it was based on a single year’s drop in test scores. These schools and their neighborhoods need additional supports and resources, not the abolition of the neighborhood school (Walker, 1986). So what can be done to create this open contest? First I say we need to educate teachers on the cultures of the children they will teach, and to break down old stereotypes and biases. Teachers need to believe that all students can learn in order to make a difference; student motivation isn’t the only factor. Tracking needs to be reworked into something that takes advantage of its strengths, such as offering a faster pace for those who can handle it, but doesn’t limit those who fall into lower tracks. Most important is that schools need to mix students of different races and abilities. By mixing races in classrooms, the schools will help educate students about each other’s cultures and reduce racial tension in society, and by mixing students of different abilities lower tracks will keep up with upper tracks. Black students have been held behind for too long, and this is what needs to be done to let them back into the open contest (Epps, 1970). Privileges are preserved Why are students from privileged backgrounds more successful in schooling, and why do these advantages persist over time? WCER researcher Adam Gamoran says economic, cultural, and social differences combine to preserve privilege across generations. Signs of change in economic inequalities affecting schooling are modest. Policymakers increasingly recognize that unequal school financing across school districts is unfair, and some are taking steps to reduce these inequalities. But this trend will do little to reduce the major advantages students from families with more economic resources have over students from families with fewer resources. The most important resources tend to operate at the individual level, so they are unaffected by changes in the redistribution of collective funds for education (Gamoran, 2001). Gamoran says it’s difficult to predict how a rigorous system of testing on a national scale will affect trends in educational equity. In the short term, using a standardized test as the sole criterion for high school graduation would drastically reduce rates of high school completion among Blacks of all social classes. Why? Because among Whites and Blacks of the same social class, Whites tend to have higher test scores. Economically disadvantaged students would also be adversely affected. In the long run, however, assessments incorporating higher standards could further reduce educational inequality between Blacks and Whites if †¢ the tests were used to (a) bring about a more standardized curriculum, (b) foster a greater emphasis on learning opportunities as well as outcomes, and (c) increase incentives for schools to support minority student learning by heightening awareness of, and accountability for, unequal outcomes; and †¢ the tests did not serve as the sole criterion for high school graduation. (Gamoran, 2001). The pressure for testing and accountability is strong. If implemented in such a way as to enhance rather than restrict opportunity, testing may accelerate the trend toward the equalization of educational outcomes across racial groups. (Gamoran, 2001). Bibliography Braddock, J. (1990). â€Å"Tracking: Implications for Student Race-Ethnic Subgroups† Feb 1990, Microfiche ED 325 600 Epps, E. (1970). â€Å"Race, Intelligence, and Learning: Some Consequence of the Misuse of Test Results† Aug 1970, Microfiche ED 048 423 Gamoran, A. (2001). Sociology of Education, Extra Issue (2001), pp. 135–153 Gootman, E. & Gebeloff, R. (2008). Gifted programs are less diverse. New York Times Haycock, K. (1987). â€Å"Promising Practices: Equality, Relevance, and Race† Nov 87, Microfiche ED 294 950 Kenyon, D. A. (2007). The property tax school funding dilemma. Policy Focus Report, The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. http://www. lincolninst. edu/pubs/pubdetail. aspx? pubid=1308 Kuydendall, C. (1989). â€Å"Improving Black Student Achievement by Enhancing Students’ Self Image† 1989, Microfiche ED 325 594 Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. University of California Press: Berkley Leonhardt, D. & Scott, J. (2005). Class matters: Shadowy lines that still divide. New York Times. http://www. nytimes. com/2005/05/15/national/class/OVERVIEW-FINAL. html NEA. (1990). â€Å"Academic Tracking: Report of the NEA Executive Committee/ Subcommittee on Academic Tracking†Microfiche ED 322 642 Sizemore, B. (1987). â€Å"Developing Effective Instructional Programs† Nov 1987, Microfiche ED 294 950 Walker, E. (1986). â€Å"The Impact of Schooling on Minority Adolescents’ Mobility Aspirations† Apr 1986, Microfiche ED 270 535

Westfarmers Curragh Pty Ltd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Gender inequalities within the NHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender inequalities within the NHS - Essay Example Since its inception in 1948, it has improvised its policies and has incorporated better and newer policies for effective functioning. It is a humongous effort to run the NHS smoothly and efficiently as it has innumerable people involved in its administration and operation. It has gone a step ahead and has integrated computers for better functioning and also has its helpline on the internet. Amidst all these progressive steps, the main factor that remains important for it being effectual is its colossal staff. The UK government has ensured that almost all doctors and nurses in the UK are employed by the NHS and work in their hospitals. The government has also ensured that all the new student doctors train at the NHS after completing medical school and they have provision to accommodate almost 8000 doctors and nurses every year. These new doctors must undergo a two year foundation programme with the NHS to become registered doctors. NHS plays a very critical role in shaping the careers for new doctors and nurses. NHS has employment policies that promote equality and diversity within the organization and are non-discriminatory about race, caste and gender and disability (Department of Health, 2006). The Gender Equality Act of 2006 has made provisions for the following: equal opportunities for men and women in terms of employment, no sexual discrimination towards the transsexuals, no pay gap between male and female employees, part time work options and to provide training and up gradation of knowledge and skills. It has been acknowledged by most that there is predominance of women in the nursing field especially those working part-time. There is however, a deliberation that the women nurses are at the lower stratum of the profession, which questions the Equality policy. Studies are showing that female nurses are receiving disproportionate employment opportunities with most of

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Answer the questions - Assignment Example Under such bacterial attack, the body is unable to fight back because of weakened immunity. Because of stress, the brain functioning gets affected negatively as the learning capability of individuals and memory work poorly. The productiveness of an individual is also affected because of stress. Stress hits the brain due to which, people are unable to feel pleasure in anything. The chronic stress and telomeres are connected because chronic stress shortens the telomeres due to which, the aging process is fast. In fact, the stress hormones speed up the shortening of telomeres. The medically serious aging is because of chronic stress. According to the Dutch Hunger Winter study, the children born with fetal stress undergo the consequences of this stress even in their late lives; they have augmented risks of heart diseases, poor health and hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the health of the children who underwent fetal stress, have dire health consequences. In the tuberculosis crisis, the alpha male baboons, the one who were aggressive and dominant got killed while the other baboons that were left behind led a more calm and non-aggressive life. The troupe lived in much harmony due to which, the stress levels were reduced. The lesson that can be learned here is that people do not worry about their status in society until others make them worried. It means that human beings working in any rank can be satisfied and less stressed out if society does not humiliate them about their ranks. The aggressive people pressurize others due to which, there is more stress with people of lower statuses. The baboons teach us about stress management that we should be more giving than receiving, should have social affiliations, should be friendly and accommodative in place of dominating, and lastly, we should be appreciative and should allow others to express themselves. A stress free life is essential for healthy

Is People have become overly dependent on technology Essay

Is People have become overly dependent on technology - Essay Example Electricity and easy availability of water is also a great gift of technology. It has become part and parcel of one’s life as life without electricity would bring to halt the whole world. Electricity and power, that produce light, was probably the best technological invention that has inspired other technology driven gizmos to surface. The fan, bulbs, refrigerator, air-conditioner, mixer grinder etc. are important and useful items without which the life at home would be difficult to imagine now. The bullet trains and underground railway system cannot work without electricity. In fact, almost all the technology based gadgets use power, one way or another, to make them work. So electricity has become the single most vital technology that helps the contemporary society to live in comfort. The advent of computers and associated aids like, internet, printer, fax, etc. have redefined the concept of communication. It has become necessary part of one’s life and an essential business tool that can be applied over large number of areas to give businesses a competitive advantage. Internet has greatly facilitated access to knowledge which is increasingly being used for personal and business growth. Drucker (1998) has correctly stated that access to information is the basic requirement for the success of a firm. The use of computers and internet has helped to exploit tacit information to not only promote efficiency within the organization but also to gain leverage against their rivals in the industry. Use of technology in the area of education has brought in new ideas and innovation in teaching methodologies and learning. It has improved quality of education and at the same time, provided students with to tools to develop their learning skills for higher achievements. It has also been a great boon for students with disabilities as it significantly helps to improve

Point of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Point of View - Essay Example At the same time, I felt it was also the time for everything in the surrounding to listen to me pour out the nostalgic feelings that filled me; how just the other day we lived in the structure with dad, mommy and my sisters and how things have changed beyond the point of no return. At the door, I am welcome by the woodpecker, which takes a flight. As the door opens, it seems to it cannot mince the joy of meeting one of its masters again, as evidenced by the production of screech sounds by the hinges. As I get in, I find the building inclusions smiling at me. The pictures on the wall, the furniture, the falling ceiling seem to be saying ‘son, welcome back. We have never missed you’. It is a place that one would love to stay. I take a walk around to explore the full feelings. I rediscover the other part of this world. I discern that the structure stands isolated at the end of the ranch. The structure is now old seem to be on the final stages of its life. By looking at the structure, one can derive a lot of unpleasant memories. The remaining trees and few stumps do not seem to be moved by the unfolding events. As walk, my feet interact with the dried leaves that seem to give unwelcoming sound. Even the few daffodils at the entrance can only be described as lonely and displaced. The woodpecker has taken over the cottage door and takes a scary flight. As I open the door, it is apparent the hinges were hardly prepared to see me again. As I come to face with what is in the building, everything, including the pictures on the wall, the furniture and the falling ceiling seem to be lamenting on why I had forsaken them. The only smell is that of the decomposing woods and memories. I totally feel out of place. I chose to write on dad old cottage because it grants me the opportunity to describe both positive and negative attributes from my own experiences. In my first impression of the

Discussion 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion 2 - Essay Example Such claims are useful in the development of evaluation and management services. A second section of the website is the evaluation and management services guide. It contains updated information as per the date of December 2010. This part provides educational information appertaining the processes of evaluation and management. The section is resourceful in the sense that it provides specific information regarding such processes as medical record documentation, coding considerations, guidelines for management services as contained in the details of 1997, and specific details on billing. The information is also important in the manner in which it provides specific updates as occurred in the year 1995 and 2010. The use of this information on the website can enrich the service offered in time of patient encounter through systematic and procedural methodologies. The site also features tutorial materials for the clients with information on signing into some of the products offered. Deciding on the correct form of E&M code is a task that is dependent on matching the features and the needs. The websites provides a range of services that are tailored to specific tasks. It helps in decision making through the clarification and simplification of information in an orderly and systematic

Corporate Strategy and Competition Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Corporate Strategy and Competition Law - Essay Example This analysis shall also include an assessment of whether there are any competition law or antitrust issues which will need to be addressed in the application of this strategy in corporations. Information technology is one of the fastest technologies currently available to man. It is pervasive and it is also a diverse technology and is currently accessible to almost all individuals. The internet, cellular phones, and other digital media have all made the world a much smaller place. What used to be oceans or hours of plane ride away is now just a mouse click away through one’s computer. Transactions can now be carried out without parties having to meet personally with each other. Corporations who take advantage of information technology are likely to save on cost and are likely to reach a wider consumer base. Information technology now resolves the issues of advertising and marketing which used to limit corporations in terms of coverage and impact. With the advent of social networking, information technology is now in a higher level of coverage – its possibilities are limitless and for corporations, it also means that their reach and potential for profit and c ompetitive advantage can be limitless.

Summarize an approved scholarly article regarding a biblical book Assignment

Summarize an approved scholarly article regarding a biblical book - Assignment Example The next aspect is divine filiation of the monarch. Indeed, both David and Jesus are called a Son of god. Then there is a clear messianic status of the monarch: while David is praised as the Messiah, Jesus is the Messiah. The fourth aspect is centrality of Jerusalem: all major events of both lives take place in Jerusalem. For example, David proclaimed this city as the capital of the new kingdom, while Jesus was crucified in this city. Another aspect is centrality of the Temple. Indeed, the life of David is firmly connected to the erection of the Temple. On the other hand, Jesus preaches to the people from the Temple. The sixth point of comparison is the emergence of the international empire. Thus, David is known as a ruler who was able to conquer different nations and bring them under the power of Jerusalem. The name was done by Jesus, but in terms of spiritual teaching. Finally, the people thought that both David and Jesus would have eternal rule. In other words, they were regarded as leaders until the end of days. The author points out that many times in Luke-Acts, the Evangelist shows that the kingdom of David should be considers in close connection to the earliest book of the Old Testament, namely Genesis. First of all, the Solomonic temple which is the central building in life of David should be seen as microcosm. Indeed, the Scriptures say that the Lord agrees to give strength to the house of David if the latter creates house for God. Furthermore, the Temple was deliberated designed to remind of the Eden which people left in the beginning of times. For example, it was set on a hill with a river flowing next to it. Secondly, there is a strong parallel that is drawn between Adam and David. They both are referred to as second only to God which implies their great importance for the world. Moreover, each of them is granted with the universal dominion over all the things in the world. Thus,

The 2008 Presidential election Essay Example for Free

The 2008 Presidential election Essay The 2008 Presidential election will soon be upon us as many   states have moved their primaries closer to the present day. It therefore would behoove every individual, no matter how apathetic they think that they are about the political process, to identify it and where they lay within the political spectrum. It is a source of great contention for all responsible citizens, when others dismiss our political process and then later complain when they have done nothing to change the status quo and do not even know the names of the candidates. This could have identified myself a few years ago. I took a greater interest in the history of politics than what was happening to my country in the present day. I then became aware of politics and therefore, needed to know where I stood and why.. This does not always hold true and there are certainly exceptions. However, the fact that Republicans base their beliefs on their faith and Democrats base their beliefs upon the Constitution first and perhaps their faith as well, such issues as abortion, gay marriage, stem cell research and the break down of the American family, all have compelled me to place one foot deep in the Republican Party and the other foot outside of both parties in the event that the Republican Party forgets the faith of the people that they represent as did the Democratic Party during the 1960s and 1970s. I consider myself a Kennedy Republican: strong moral and religious faith, unashamed of the greatness of this country, compelled to improve conditions for minorities as well as the poor, but always pushing self responsibility, self control and fiscal conservatism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the earliest and most powerful factors in a variety of aspects within my life, has been my family. It is ironic that the person who I learned the most from, now votes differently than I do. My father is a member of his union at work so he is compelled to vote for the Democratic Party. He does however disagrees with their stances on various social issues. The rest of my family agree with me and usually vote as I do. I come from a nuclear family and as a result, certain experiences are seen as an enigma rather than what was once the norm. My childhood was far from perfect. However, at the end of the day, I knew that my parents would always be there to meet my needs as well as a few of my wants. This did not happen by chance but through hard work and preparation. My parents were married when they were young but did not have children until seven years into their marriage. The reasons for this are two fold: First, they didn’t have the money to   raise a family and second, they first wanted a stable marriage in which to bring a child into the world. As a result, I was afforded a few more opportunities and benefited directly from my parents responsibility. That is one reason why I am a strong believer in personal responsibility. If a person commits a crime, it is his fault alone for committing that particular infraction.   That is why I am against an unfettered welfare system in which positive reinforcement is given for negative behavior. This does exclude those who are truly down on their luck and despite their best efforts, cannot find gainful employment. This does not mean however, that an individual with no job, no education and no significant other who would be there to share the financial and emotional burdens that come from having a child, should continue to receive an escalated rate of payment from the government, because that person chose to have yet another child that they cannot support. The child should not be punished for the irresponsible behavior of his or her parent but the parent should not be rewarded as well. Unfettered welfare irks me to no end. My father worked two jobs in order to support his family. My mother is obese and is in ill health but still works 50-60 hours a week.   Rather than apply for disability benefits which she would surely receive, she cannot consent to accept payments from the government for services that were never rendered.   My father is a painter in the summer and a school teacher the rest of the year. One summer day, he was painting outside and lost his balance.   He fell and fractured his ribs on an air conditioner unit. He was back to work in two days with a bandage on his abdomen. As a family, we were never poor and he could have afforded to stay home for another week but if he could work, he did and continued to do so, six days a week, fifty two weeks out of the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result, I am firmly against continuing government sanctioned positive reinforcement toward negative behavior in the form of unfettered welfare payments. The current welfare system was started under President Lyndon Johnsons War on Poverty† (Schlesinger, 1965 pg. 761) where it was assumed that people would fight and claw their way back to become self sufficient but just needed a helping hand in the process. It could not be fathomed then, as it is still hard to comprehend today, that people would submit to receiving welfare payments for decades and would even have more children out of the motivation of receiving a larger government check. I feel that it is the responsibility of the parent, more than society and surely more than the government, to raise and support that child. I also believe that if the government is going to help and give aid to those families who are temporarily suffering from hard times that should be afforded to them while encouraging that individual to find another job as soon as possible. The government does not exist to serve as a babysitter for the American people. This is not what the rights expressed in the Constitution states and it contrary to the American work ethic which helped to give America the influence that it is long enjoyed. Hard work, responsibility and self control, I learned from my parents. As a result, I find it hard to prescribe to modern Democratic thought that seeks to protect abortion when parental responsibility would have avoided such issues, unfettered welfare while the individual is able to work and universal health care when it is the responsibility of the parent to pay for the bills of their own children.    The second great factor that influences me is my religious faith. More and more people are identifying themselves as atheists. The Republican Party has shown that they have little room for them.. Therefore, they go, sometimes by default, to the Democratic Party and affect the political party that used to stand for Christian values. It has become a sad reality but one cannot hope to gain the Democratic nomination for President unless he or she is pro choice and pro gay marriage to some degree. Also, many Democratic are for stem cell research in which the human embryo is destroyed in the process. The Republicans do not have a monopoly on what is right and moral.. However, the terms: The religious right and the secular left are becoming more and more accurate, although there are many exceptions. As a result, as long as such issues remain so destructive to the American moral fiber of this country, mistakes that the Republicans make, including many aspects of the War on Terror, it is understood, will not last forever and therefore, people should not be switching their vote over to the Democratic Party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No matter how long it takes, the war will be over before babies will be given the protection of life that is seen in the Constitution and if our forefathers were alive today, would cringe at the fact that the practice of killing a human life, sometimes by piercing their brain with a steel rod, is allowed and tolerated in this country. The Bible states that God knew us while we were in our mothers womb. (Bible, 2000 pg. 328) Abortion is avoidable in 99% of the cases if the parents only possessed the desire not have sex until they are ready to endure the full consequences. Some of the blame should be placed at the feet of those who perpetrate this notion of a blameless society in which the consequences of sin which is now regarded as vile as a four letter word, is real and should be avoided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The same can be said for the issues of gay marriage and stem cell research. Such things God takes very seriously.   However, the fact that nearly 20,000 murders happen every year with the use of hand guns and Republicans fight so hard to keep that right, might seem to disappoint God as well. The Republicans do not have a monopoly on what God wants for this country. However, serious Christians cannot get past the idea of legalized murder and the continued acceptance of homosexuality by our government. Such notions appeal to many Americans and compels others to wonder what our forefathers would say if they were given the chance to commend on what has happened to the morals of this country. There are many on the political left that shake their head in frustration and disgust when they hear such motivations behind the Republican Party. This will likely be the case as religion becomes a four letter word more now than in recent history, As Muslim extremists hurt, not only the religion of Islam but all religion as those on the outside looking in and trying to understand those who claim a faith as religious fundamentalists and radicals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There has been a minor resurgence of faith in America but as much as Christians and others of faith push for America to be the country that it once was in the area of religious freedom and expression, secularists will push back just as hard. Although a controversial figure, Bill OReilly corrected identified the problem as a culture war. It was saddening but not surprising that during the Clinton Presidency, the Christmas Tree became rather a holiday tree. When crosses are forbidden to reside in the side of the road as a family member tries to honor the death of a loved one, Christmas is now referred to as X-mas and American soldiers who have paid the ultimate sacrifice to their country in a time of war, yet cannot have any mention of God at their burial if the government is going to sponsor it. When that occurs, it is hard to believe that   there is not a definite war on people of faith in this country and, from my point of view, it is perpetrated by people who identify themselves as politically liberal. This is not an attempt to vilify all Liberals in such a way. The Democratic Party of Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, yes Lyndon Johnson, simply does not exist anymore and Democrats of faith are forced to choose their party over their faith as the two have less and less in common.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once I began to identify with the Republican Party as I grew stronger in my faith, I then wanted to know my role in the political socialization and if I had any role in it. I avoid fights and heated arguments on the issue of politics. Discussing NAFTA or the growing trade deficit is not worth the loss of a friendship as my friends can become rather heated in their discussion of politics. I find it refreshing that I discuss politics with people my own age who actually follow the news. There are many who have become so apathetic about anything that does not involve popular culture, that to discuss politics, one would first need to be aware of the very basics of American Civics to which many are completely ignorant. In those case, I tend to inform my friends about what is going on and sometimes, spin the information to perhaps gain another convert. I would conclude however, that everybody, especially the media, does the same to a much greater degree. If somebody hears the details of partial birth abortions but then the media, in an effort to calm the moral outrage of the viewer, informs them that such things happen in less than 1% of the abortions in this country, I would then inform the same individual that with more than one million abortions committed every year, if only 1/4 of 1% of babies were subjected to this procedure, that meant that every year, twenty five hundred babies were having their brains pierced by a metal rod; a baby with the same number of hands, fingers, feet and toes as one who had just been born. (Johnson, 2004 pg. 1A)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Republicans will probably lose their bid for the White House this year as the war in Iraq has made most Americans tired of the Republican Party and their mismanagement of it. Even the strongest supporter of the White House, questions when and where the Iraq war will end. This will cause a number of people to switch their allegiance to the Democratic Party. However, for the individuals like myself who are in this for the long haul and wish for America, not to become a theocracy, but to remember and respect what made this country great, to resist those who would seek to revise this countrys history and the basis for its laws. However, in an age of such apathy towards such serious issues that face the country in favor of who is the latest to survive the round of cuts on American idol, I am just happy to discuss politics with any informed and enlightened individual;, regardless of their political leanings. Such discussions serve as a welcomed and relaxing respite from what has become Americas most abundant export; mindless and fleeting popular culture. I will follow with great interest, the road that the rest of the country takes during this presidential election next year. WORKS CITED Johnson, Mark   Partial Birth Abortion Ban Challenged by Dems USA Today August 12, 2004 Schlesinger, Arthur  Ã‚   A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House New York: Doubleday Press 1965 Toobin, Jeffrey   The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court  Ã‚   New York: Doubleday Publishers  Ã‚   2007 The Holy Bible  Ã‚   New York: Oxford University Press 2000

Improving Structure and Links for User Navigation Session

Improving Structure and Links for User Navigation Session Improving Structure and Links for Analysis of User Navigation Sessions Bhagyashri Biranje, Priti Harpale, Dushyant Singh, Meenal Jadhav, Sindhu M.R. ABSTRACT In this paper, we are designing a well-structured website to facilitate effective user navigation to relink webpages to improve navigability using user navigation data. We will completely reorganized new structure of a website, which can be highly unpredictable. It will also illustrate how to improve a website without introducing substantial changes. Here specifically, we are using a data mining algorithm to improve the user navigation on a website while minimizing alterations to its current structure. We will also test the model on large synthetic data sets to demonstrate that it scales up very well. Key words: Website design, user navigation, web mining, data mining algorithm. Corresponding Authors: Meenal Jadhav, Sindhu M.R. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, the more use of internet provides people more knowledge and information in detail. Number of users of internet is increasing day by day. For a user finding desired information is not always easy. Therefore, designing effective websites is not easy. Even though there are high profile websites, if they are unable to view the desired information, then users will ignore these websites. Ratings will be down. Less numbers of users will be the visitors [1]. There are so many examples of user navigation. The restaurant services such as making reservations, processing orders, and delivering meals generally requires waiters to input customer information and then transmit orders to the kitchen for menu preparation. When the customer pays the bill, the amount due is calculated by the cashier. Although this procedure is simple, it may significantly increase the waiters’ workload and even cause errors in menu ordering or in prioritizing customers, especially when the number of customers suddenly increases during busy hours, which can serious degrade overall service quality. Websites are having difficulties in searching and locating the target pages, because of poor website design. To design a website, developers should understand how to construct a website, which is different from previous website structure. This will be useful in such cases where users were unable to search or locate the desired information. So, to avoid such problems is not easy while creating a website. Because web developers may or may not have proper understanding of user’s preferences and they organize pages on their own preferences of their own judgments. Therefore to fulfill the user’s need, the webpages should be organized in such a way that it should be match with user’s preferences [2]. The success of any organization of web site will be determined largely by how well site’s information architecture matches users’ expectations. A logical, consistently named site organization allows users to make successful predictions about where to find things. Various methods of organizing and displaying information permit users to extend their knowledge from familiar pages to unfamiliar ones. If a developer misleads users with a structure that is neither logical nor predictable, or constantly uses different or ambiguous terms to describe site features, users will be frustrated by the difficulties of getting around and understanding what you have to offer [3]. Developer don’t want user’s mental model of web site to look like fig.1. Fig.1 Confusing links are made by a developer. Don’t make such a confusing web of links. Designers aren’t the only ones who make models of sites. Users try to imagine the site structure as well, and successful information architecture will help the user build a firm and predictable mental model of your site [3]. EXISTING SYSTEM If existing site has more than a few dozen pages, your users will expect web search options to find content in the site. In a larger site, with maybe hundreds or thousands of pages of content, web search is the only efficient means to locate particular content pages or to find all pages that mention a keyword or search phrase. For example, as with popular books at the library or the hit songs on iTunes, content usage on large web sites is a classic â€Å"long-tail† phenomenon [3]: a few items get 80 percent of the attention, and the rest get dramatically less traffic. As the user’s needs get more specific than a browser interface can handle, search engines are the means to find content out there in the long tail where it might otherwise remain undiscovered (fig. 2). Fig.2 The â€Å"long tail† of web search. Large sites are just too large to depend solely on browsing. Heavily used pages are likely to appear on browsing menus pages. Website Structure: In this project, the website structure consists of three components: layout templates, URL patterns, and linkage structure. Layout Template Most web pages consist of HTML elements like table, menu, button, image, and input box. The layout of a web page describes what HTML elements are included in the page, as well as how these elements are visually distributed in page rendering. Essentially, a page layout is represented by a so called DOM (Document Object Model) tree. In this project, a layout template is considered as a group of pages which have very similar layouts (DOM trees) [3]. In a website, pages are generated based on distinguishable templates according to their functions. That is to say, visually similar pages usually have same function. In this way, user can easily identify a page’s function at a glance. (b) (c) Fig. 3 Typical layout templates from the ASP.NET Forums [3]. Following are several typical layout templates identified from the ASP.NET Forums [3]. Their functions are to show a) a list of discussion thread, b) a list of thread posts, and c) user profile, respectively. They are designed to show: a) a list of discussion thread, b) a list of thread posts, and c) user profile, respectively. URL Pattern A URL pattern is a generalization of a group of URLs sharing similar syntactic format. In general, a URL pattern can be represented with a regular expression.Following we show some example URL patterns discovered, again,from the ASP.NET Forums [2]. List-of-thread pages ^http://forums.asp.net/d+.aspx$ ^http://forums.asp.net/d+.aspx?PageIndex=d+forumoptions=d+:d+:d+::$ List-of-post pages ^http://forums.asp.net/t/d+.aspx$ ^http://forums.asp.net/t/d+.aspx?PageIndex=d+$ ^http://forums.asp.net/p/d+/d+.aspx$ ^http://forums.asp.net/ThreadNavigation.aspx?PostID=d+NavType=(Previous|Next)$ User profile pages ^http://forums.asp.net/user/Profile.aspx?UserID=d+$ ^http://forums.asp.net/members/[^/?]*$ Itis noticed that one layout templates can have more than one related URL pattern. For example,a bookseller website usually designs one template to show a list of books,andprovidesdifferent query parameters to generate such a list. Various query parameters in this scenario will lead to different URL patterns, but the search results are shown with the same template. Another common case is duplicate pages, i.e., pages with the same content (and very likely the same layout)but different URLs [3]. Link Structure Based on the layout templates and URL patterns, we can construct a directed graph to represent the website organization structure. That is, each layout template is considered as a node in a graph, and two nodes are linked if there are hyperlinks between the pages belonging to the two nodes. The link direction is the same as the related hyperlinks.And each link is characterized with the URL pattern of the corresponding hyperlink URLs. Again, it should be noticed thatthere could be multiple links from one node to another if the corresponding hyperlinks have more than one URL pattern. Fig. 2 gives an illustrative example ofthe sub-graph constructed based on the layout templates and URL patterns above. Fig.4 An illustrative sub link-graph for the ASP.NET Forums [3]. PROPOSED SYSTEM In our proposed system, we have two main modules- Client and Server. 1] Module 1: Client Fig.5 Client Client has two functions: Browse Website Submit User Experience User or client used to browse the website. The client browses the website. The information of user such as history, time of visiting website, links etc. is known as user’s experience. It is then submitted to server. 2] Module 2: Server Fig.6 Server We are using tomcat apache as a Server. Client and Server are connected through network using Servlet. Server is used to store activity log of all user’s based on session in the database. Using Data Mining algorithm this database, website can be restructured to provide better, easier and faster interfaces. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Fig. 7 Architecture In this architecture, there are two modules, client and server. Client browses the website and submits its experience to the server. Then data is stored into the database. Data mining algorithm is applied to get improved website structure. It improves a website rather than reorganizes it hence is suitable for website maintenance on a progressive basis. This model is very effective to real-world websites. It optimally solves large-sized problems in a few seconds in most cases on a desktop. Data Mining Algorithm: The Data mining algorithm we are using is K-Means. The Algorithm K-means (Mac Queen, 1967) is one of the simplest unsupervised learning algorithms that solve the well known clustering problem. The procedure follows a simple and easy way to classify a given data set through a certain number of clusters (assume k clusters) fixed a priority [4, 5]. The algorithm is composed of the following steps: 1. Place K points into the space represented by the objects that are being clustered. These points represent initial group centroids. 2. Assign each object to the group that has the closest centroid. 3. When all objects have been assigned, recalculate the positions of the K centroids. 4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 until the centroids no longer move. This produces a separation of the objects into groups from which the metric to be minimized can be calculated. CONCLUSION This model is useful for static websites and not suitable for websites that purely uses dynamic pages or have volatile contents. Using Data mining algorithm we will improve the navigation effectiveness of a website with minimal changes to its current structure. It will improve a website rather than reorganizes it. Most complex web sites share aspects of all three types of information structures. Site hierarchy is created largely with standard navigational links within the site, but topical links embedded within the content create a web like mesh of associative links that transcends the usual navigation and site structure. Except in sites that rigorously enforce a sequence of pages, users are likely to traverse your site in a free-form web like manner, jumping across regions in the information architecture, just as they would skip through chapters in a reference book. So, it will be the clearer and more concrete our site organization is, the easier it is for users to jump freely from place to place without feeling lost (fig. 7). Fig.8 Optimized path [3] We will structure sites as hierarchies, but users seldom use them that way. A clear information structure allows the user to move freely and confidently through our site. References [1] Min Chen and Young U. Ryu,† Facilitating Effective User Navigation through Website Structure Improvement†, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 3, March 2013. [2] G. N. Shinde and Inamdar S.A.,† Web Data Mining Using An Intelligent Information System Design†, G. N. Shinde,Inamdar S.A, Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl., Vol 2 (2), 280-283. [3] Patric J Lynch and Sarah Horton, â€Å"Website Style Guide 3rd Edition† [4] J. B. MacQueen (1967): Some Methods for classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations, Proceedings of 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1:281-297 [5] Brian T. Luke: â€Å"K-Means Clustering†

Polarisation of Light Investigation

Polarisation of Light Investigation Valentin Haemmerli Abstract. An optical system consisting of a laser, a polariser, a quarter-wave plate, a prism, and a light detector connected to a multi-meter was used to find the transmission axes of the polariser and the quarter-wave plate, find the angle of polarisation of the laser relative to the optical axis and investigate the quality of the polariser and quarter-wave plate by comparing the theoretical and experimental values of degree of polarisation for linear, circular and elliptic polarisations. These were found to be 0.98 ±0.03 compared to 1 for linear, 0.18 ±0.03 compared to 0 for circular and 0.59 ±0.03 compared to 0.65 for a particular ellipse. Introduction Polarisation of electromagnetic radiation is a fundamental phenomenon arising directly from the wave properties of light. Polarisation of light in the visual spectrum has many commercial applications such as stress analysis of birefringent materials[1, 2], sugar content analysis in the brewing industry and in food chemistry[1], liquid crystal displays [2] and in sunglasses. In addition to these applications, polarisation of light has a number of important scientific uses, including â€Å"determining the refractive indices, absorption constants and reflecting power of †¦highly absorbing materials† [1]. There are three different cases for polarised light; linear, circular and elliptical. The aim of this investigation was to calibrate the optical system and subsequently use it to analyse transmission intensities for each of these types, and compare the respective degrees of polarisation to theoretical values. Theory Polarisation Types Electromagnetic waves have electric and magnetic field components propagating as sinusoidal waves where the directions of the electric field vector is perpendicular to both the direction of the magnetic field vector and to the direction of propagation at all times. Due to this constant relation between electric and magnetic field vectors, we can describe polarisation in terms of electric field only for simplicity. Linear polarisation is the case where the x and y components of electric field for a wave traveling in the z-direction are varying in phase with each other, so they are both at their maxima at the same time, and both at their minima at the same time, and the electric component of the wave is always in the same plane. This is shown in Figure 1a). Circular polarisation, shown in Figure 1b), occurs when the x and y components of the electric field vector have the same amplitudes and have a phase difference of Ï€/2, or Ï€/2 plus an integer multiple of Ï€. The end point of the resulting electric field vector traces out a circle in the x-y plane, which translates to a helix once time is taken into account. Elliptical polarisation, of which circular polarisation is merely the special case when the amplitudes are equal and the phase difference is where . Elliptical polarisation is therefore any case for which the end point of the electric field vector traces out an ellipse in the x-y plane. This is shown in Figure 1c). Brewster’s Law Brewster’s Law states that for a beam incident on a flat horizontal glass surface of a prism at the Brewster angle, given by ,(1) where is the refractive index of the prism, only the component of the beam with polarisation parallel to the incident plane is reflected. This fact can be used to determine the polarisation of the incident beam after it has passed through the analyser. By rotating the analyser until there is no reflected component the beam is polarised vertically and hence has not component in the horizontal direction. Quarter-wave plate A quarter-wave plate is an optical device which is made of two materials with different refractive indices which has the effect of introducing a phase difference of Ï€/2 between the perpendicular x and y component of the electric field vector for light of a particular wavelength. The quarter-wave plate has two perpendicular transmission axes. A quarter-wave plate can therefore be used to change the polarisation of the incident light from linear to elliptical and in the simple case of the ellipse, circular. Degree of polarisation The equation used to find the degree of linear polarisation of light for transmitted intensities measured for angles of analyser is ,(2) where I is intensity. Experimental Method We first found the transmission axis of the Polaroid analyser using Brewster’s Law of horizontal polarisation using the set up in Figure 2.We started at an approximate value of Brewster’s Angle using n=1.6 for the refractive index of the prism. We set the incident angle to this, and then rotated the analyser until no light was reflected from the face of the prism, but light was still transmitted through the analyser. By slight changes of the incident angle on the face of the prism and the angle of the analyser to minimise the transmission, we found the transmission axis of the Polaroid analyser. We found the degree of polarisation of linearly polarised light using the set up in Figure 3, by rotating the analyser through 360 º and noting the transmitted intensity detected by the light detector and multi-meter in volts. Plotting the intensity as a function of angle and comparing it to a theoretical plot of transmission from Malus’ Law, we also found the angle at which the laser beam was polarised. Using the set up shown in Figure 4 we found the transmission axes of the quarter-wave plate. With the analyser set to an angle perpendicular to the angle of polarisation of the laser beam (i.e. a minimum intensity), transmitted intensity was measured for angles between 0 and 360 º of the quarter-wave plate. The minima of this dependence correspond to the transmission angles of the quarter-wave plate. Once the transmission axes were found, the quarter-wave plate was set to an angle of one of the transmission axes plus 45 º to give circularly polarised light. The intensity was measured as a function of the angle of the analyser. This was used to find the degree of polarisation of circularly polarised light by rotating the analyser through angles from 0 to 360 º. Finally we tested for a theoretical value of elliptical degree of polarisation of 0.65 by turning the quarter-wave plate 22.7 º past one of the transmission axes and once again rotating the analyser through 360 º and measuring intensities to give an experimental degree of polarisation. The error in the analyser angle and quarter-wave plate angle was determined by observing the range of angles over which the intensity did not change. This was  ±2 º in both cases, and when both the analyser and quarter-wave plate were on the optical bench this gave a combined error of  ±4 º. The ambient light reading was taken to eliminate a systematic error in intensity readings. This was found to be 0.00 V. Experimental Results The degree of polarisation of the analyser is 0.98 ±0.03 from the maximum and minimum intensities in Figure 5 and equation (2). The error comes from the uncertainty in the measurement of the intensity. The angle of polarisation of laser beam is 10 ±2 º. This was determined from the angle difference between the experimental data and the theoretical plot of Malus’ law. The error is given by the error in analyser angle. The transmission axis of the analyser runs from 170 º to 350 º  ±2 º, this is given by the maxima of the experimental data in Figure 5. The transmission axes of the quarter-wave plate are 20 ±4 º to 200 ±4 º and 110 ±4 º to 290 ±4 º from the minima in Figure 6, corrected for the angle of polarisation of the laser beam. The degree of polarisation of circularly polarised light is 0.18 ±0.03 from the maximum and minimum intensities in Figure 7. Theoretically the quarter-wave plate should be at one of its transmission axes plus 23 ±2 º for a degree of polarisation of 0.65. At this angle the experimental degree of polarisation was 0.59 ±0.03 from the maximum and minimum intensities in Figure 8. Discussion The error in the sensitivity of the polariser and quarter-wave plate are much greater than the accuracy of the scales on the polariser and quarter-wave plate. The errors are found to be  ±2 º for each, while the accuracy of the scale is  ±0.5 º. This is far too small because intensity did not change over such a small change in angle. One possible reason for such a large difference between theory and experimental values for degree of polarisation for the case of elliptical polarisation, 9.2%, is that the quarter-wave plate was designed to give a phase difference of Ï€/2 for a specific wavelength of light due to the dependence of refractive index on wavelength. The wavelength of our laser was not the same as this design. The difference could be reduced by using a more suitable laser or quarter-wave plate. The theoretical degree of polarisation for circular polarisation settings of the quarter-wave plate and analsyer is 0, compared to the 0.18 ±0.03 found experimentally. Similarly, the analyser was not ideal, imperfectly blocking components perpendicular to the transmission axis. The theoretical degree of polarisation for the analyser is 1, while experimentally we found it to be 0.98 ±0.03. The contribution to the error from the quarter-wave plate is therefore larger than that from the analsyer. There are two possible reasons for imperfect circular polarisation. The first of these is that the quarter-wave plate was set to the wrong angle, not at 45 º to a transmission axis. This would lead to an error in the degree of polarisation of approximately twice the error in the angle, or approximately 4. This is far too large for our degree of polarisation and therefore unlikely, since the difference between theory and experiment is only 0.18. The other reason is that the quarter-wave plate did not shift the phase of one component of polarisation by Ï€/2. Then the difference is approximately the difference between the theoretical phase difference and the actual phase difference. This is the more likely case, as discussed above, the quarter-wave plate is designed for a specific wavelength of light. Conclusions We investigated three types of polarisation of light using an analyser and a quarter-wave plate. We found degrees of polarisation for each type, and compared them to their theoretical values. This gave us an idea about the quality and suitability of the analyser and quarter-wave plate for our laser, with the quarter-wave plate contributing the largest amount to the difference between the theoretical and experimental polarisations. In the process of finding these values we also determined the transmission axes of the analyser and the of the quarter-wave plate. Appendix Derivation of the angel of the quarter-wave plate for degree of polarisation 0.65 From equation (2): , (3) , (4) From (3) and (4), , (5) where is the angle offset from the transmission axes of the quarter-wave plate and is the component of the electric field vector. This gives us, from equations (1) and (5), . (6) References [1]C. A. Skinner, The polarimeter and its practical applications, Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 196, pp. 721-750, 1923. [2]P. A. Tipler and G. Mosca, Physics for scientists and engineers : with modern physics, 2008. 1

The Character of Caliban in The Tempest Essay examples -- Tempest ess

The Character of   Caliban in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Caliban is the only authentic native of what is often called 'Prospero's Island'. However, he is not an indigenous islander, his mother Sycorax was from Argier, and his father Setebos seems to have been a Patagonian deity. Sycorax was exiled from Argier for witch-craft, much like Prospero himself, and Caliban was born on the island. Caliban's own understanding of his position is made eloquently plain when we first meet him:    I must eat my dinner. This island's mine, by Sycorax my mother, Which thou tak'st from me. When thou cam'st first, Thou strok'st me, and made much of me, would'st give me Water with berries in't, and teach me how To name the bigger light, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee, And showed thee all the qualities o'th'isle, The fresh springs, brine-pits, barren place and fertile. Cursed be I that did so! All the charms Of Sycorax - toads, beetles, bats light on you! For I am all the subjects that you have, Which first was mine own king; and here you sty me In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me The rest o'th'island. (1.2.330-344)    We can clearly sense Caliban's resentment of what he sees as a colonial occupation of his island. The story of his upbringing is not so simple, however. It seems that when Prospero and his infant daughter arrived on the island twelve years before, Caliban was an orphan, his mother having died. This is not entirely clear: in conversation with Ariel (formerly Sycorax's spirit) Prospero recalls the 'blue eyed hag', 'The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy, Was grown into a hoop' (1.2.258-259), but it is not clear wheth... ...pression to both sides of the question, and leaving much to the interpretation.    Works Cited and Consulted: Davidson, Frank. "The Tempest: An Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of Critical Essays London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Solomon, Andrew. "A Reading of the Tempest." In Shakespeare's Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and Paul G. Zolbrod. Athens: Ohio UP, 1974. 232. John Wilders' lecture on The Tempest given at Oxford University - Worcester College - August 4th, 1999.      

Blindness and Sight - Lack of Insight in King Lear :: King Lear essays

King Lear:   The Theme of Blindness (Lack of Insight)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In Shakespeare's classic tragedy, King Lear, the issue of sight and its relevance to clear vision is a recurring theme.   Shakespeare's principal means of portraying this theme is through the characters of Lear and Gloucester. Although Lear can physically see, he is blind in the sense that he lacks insight, understanding, and direction. In contrast, Gloucester becomes physically blind but gains the type of vision that Lear lacks. It is evident from these two characters that clear vision is not derived solely from physical sight. Lear's failure to understand this is the principal cause of his demise, while Gloucester learns to achieve clear vision, and consequently avoids a fate similar to Lear's. Throughout most of King Lear, Lear's vision is clouded by his lack of insight. Since he cannot see into other people's characters, he can never identify them for who they truly are. When Cordelia angers Lear, Kent tries to reason with Lear, who is too stubborn to remain open-minded. Lear responds to Kent's opposition with, "Out of my sight," to which Kent responds, "See better, Lear, and let me still remain" (I.i.160). Here, Lear is saying he never wants to see Kent again, but he could never truly see him for who he is. Kent was only trying to do what was best for Lear, but Lear could not see that. Kent's vision is not clouded, as is Lear's, and he knows that he can remain near Lear as long as he is in disguise. Later, Lear's vision is so superficial that the physical garments and simple disguise that Kent wears easily dupe him. Lear cannot see who Kent really is. He only learns of Kent's noble and honest character just prior to his death, when his vision is cleared. By this time, ho wever, it is too late for an honest relationship to be salvaged. Lear's vision is also marred by his lack of direction in life, and his poor foresight, his inability to predict the consequences of his actions. He cannot look far enough into the future to see the consequences of his actions. This, in addition to his lack of insight into other people, condemns his relationship with his most beloved daughter, Cordelia. When Lear asks his daughters who loves him most, he already thinks that Cordelia has the most love for him.

Aeneas and His Ghosts :: Aeneas Presentation

Aeneas and His Ghosts The Aeneid Written by Virgil Translation by Fitzgerald I.Pious Aeneas (his background and key characteristics) †¢Mother is Venus (the Greek Aphrodite) Page 54, Book II, Lines 775-777 â€Å"Stepping before me, radiant through the night,My loving mother came: immortal, tall, And lovely as the lords of heaven know her.† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Favored by Jupiter† Page 164, Book VI, Lines 190-193â€Å"†¦ A few Whom a benign Jupiter has loved or whom Fiery heroism has borne to heaven, Sons of gods, could do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢Fated oThe gods respect his fate. Page 11, Book I, Lines 319-322 â€Å"Surely from these the Romans are to come In the course of the years, renewing Teucer’s line, To rule the sea and all the lands about it,According to your promise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ï‚ §He will found the land where Rome will later stand. Page 12-14, Book I, Lines 352-354, 373-375 â€Å"No, he, your son – now let me speak of him, In view of your consuming care, at length, Unfolding secret fated things to come-† â€Å"And call by his own name his people Romans. For these I set no limits, world or time, But make the gift of empire without end.† ï‚ §He is fated to go to the Underworld. Page 164, Book VI, Lines 214-217 â€Å"Pull away the bough. It will come willingly, Easily, if you are called by fate. If not, with all your strength you cannot conquer it, Cannot lop it off with a sword’s edge.† †¢Receptive and Open. oAeneas constantly looks for signs from the gods as to what his actions should be and listens/ follows through when he is nudged in the right direction. Page 110, Book IV, Lines 545-551 â€Å"Duty-bound, Aeneas, though he struggled with desire To calm and comfort her in all her pain, To speak to her and turn her mind from grief, And though he sighed his heart out, shaken still With love of her, yet took the course heaven gave him And went back to the fleet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  oIn all his interactions with his crew, wife, father, Dido, other leaders, the gods, etc., Aeneas listens instead of tooting his own horn (Odysseus), knowing there is a lot to be gained from others. †¢Aeneas is dutiful. oBrings the household gods. Page 65, Book III, Lines 16-18 â€Å"†¦I took to the open sea, Borne outward into exile with my people, My son, my hearth gods, and the greater gods† oCarries Anchises from Troy on his back and holds his opinion in high regard. Page 55, Book II, Lines 829-830 â€Å"†¦I looked for him at once, My first wish being to help him to the mountains;† Page 58, Book II, Lines 921-924

Organizational Behavior Trends Essay

Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. Organizational Culture is the basic pattern of common assumptions, values, and beliefs leading the way employees within an organization think about and act on problems and opportunities. Organizational Trends are patterns of change over time in some variable of interest. In this paper we will evaluate two trends in organizational behavior. The influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technology on work-related stress will be examined. Organizational Behavior Trends There are several trends in Organizational Behavior. One trend is globalization, which requires corporate decision makers to be more sensitive to cultural differences as they venture towards a wider variety of employees and clients. Another trend in organizations is the increasingly diverse workforce. Diversity potentially improves decision-making, team performance, and customer service, but it also presents new challenges for the company. The values and ethics of the employees, enable organizations to apply certain principles in a global environment, and are under pressure to abide by the ethical values and higher standards of corporate social responsibility. Ethics on Decision-making Ethics on decision-making is difficult, it is critical for leaders to develop a code of ethics and establish disciplinary actions and procedures for ethical violators. Most importantly, leaders should also develop a process in which employees are rewarded and publicly recognized for having positive ethical behaviors. It is also important to have employee involvement when trying to identify ethical issues. â€Å"When it comes to the ethics of decision making, the criteria individuals use to define problems and the values that underlie these criteria must be considered. Moral conduct is involved in choosing problems, deciding who should be involved, estimating the impacts of alternatives, and selecting an alternative for implementation. Moral conduct does not arise from after-the-fact embarrassment†. (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005). Overall, ethical decision making, is learning about ethical dilemmas in business and examining the process for identifying common influences in the decision-making process. Once the trends are found, leaders and subordinates must demonstrate and understand how to make an ethical decision in which all possible solutions are attempted equally and without any judgment. Impact of Technology on Work-Related Stress â€Å"Work-related stress can be defined as a pattern of emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactions to adverse and noxious aspects of work content, work organization and work environment. It is a state characterized by high levels of arousal and distress and often by feelings of not coping. † (www. eiro. eurofound) Work-related stress is a serious issue at many companies. People should be aware of their stress levels and communicate stressful situations to their employer before stress develops into a problem. For this to happen, employers need to ensure that the organizational culture is one in which employees can openly and comfortably talk about work-related stress without any repercussion. There are many components that make up stress. With the world of technology racing news and information around the world as quick as we can blink, many more organizations are becoming sophisticated in applying information technologies. Nobel Laureate and decision scientist Herbert Simon is convinced that computers will someday be more intelligent than humans†. Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005) How does that make you feel knowing that one-day a computer could replace your job? There are always two sides to any debate; the one on stress is no exception. Is being stressed a sign of weakness within your job indicating that you can no longer handle it or is being stressed a sign of an effective working behavior of getting the job done? There are many employers that want to support their staff to the highest level that can be offered but resources and effective training is sometimes limited. As a result, many employees are â€Å"stressed†. The use of technology is needed in all businesses and with this advanced technology some organizations rely heavily it. I know that with the computer system we have at our organization it makes it much easier and less stressful for us. Maybe someone who is not proficient with computers would become stressful to the new system, but for the most part I think technology has a positive impact on work-related stress. Conclusion In conclusion, the influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technologies on work-related stress are only two components of many in organizational behavior. With so many changes to how one must work and the many difficult decisions that have to be made according to your organizations ethics only. I personally think that as companies evolve, the employees must chose to either evolve with it or take another course of action to make life stress-free.

Gangsterism in the 1920’s

The yowl Twenties, what a perfect aphorism. It was certainly g previous(a) rush with music and dance, save it to a fault was bonanza with gangsters. In the aspect of gangsterism, the thirties were also roaring. Americans in this clock clock time period tolerated criminals, curiously those involved in bootlegging. Bootlegging is the import of wicked substances. Bootlegging could have maybe been tolerated because of the recent out honor of intoxicant during this time period, know as the Prohibition. Gangsters were involved in bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, form crime, and racketeering.Al Scarface Capone, Bonnie and Clyde, and prank Dillinger were the headliners of this era. Gangsterism provided a risky job but maximum rewards in a time when jobs were scarce and our country was in the thick of a depression. When Congress passed the eighteenth amendment, alcohol was banned in e re solelyy means from America. People who were addicted to alcohol and flat those who we re accustomed to the casual drink unflurried had a demand for it. Many would wage top dollar for a drink, they didnt think obtaining alcohol would be similarly immoral because it was legal just a few years back.Citizens would hold unavowed socials and would make alcohol to wholly of the guests, this was commonly done by the wealthy because of the higher(prenominal) cost of alcohol. This bolded up galore(postnominal) opportunities for those who were willing to take risks and bootleg embezzled alcohol to the country. With money flowing same water to many of these gangsters, greed began to upgrade rapidly among them. They began to explore more debase fields of work. These gangsters began to open speakeasies, which were like old west taverns with prostitution, gambling, and of course, drinking.Speakeasies always had cover charges ranging from tail fin dollars to twenty-five dollars, depending on the impairment of alcohol at the time. Americas arrested development for alc ohol allowed the owners to charge any price they wanted. Thousands of speakeasies were located in clams, which meant that tens-of- molar concentrations of speakeasies were spread round the country, with close in the large cities. So many Americans were sneaking around chthonian the law that moral values began to dwindle. Gangsters go up in the ranks and began more savage crimes such as shoot and massive theft.Most of these crimes were necessary to keep care alive. Murder was widespread because some concourse who would be paid to keep unemotional would talk, in return they would be dealt withvery harshly. In 1929, gangsters from across the country gathered in Atlantic City, New jersey to meet with one another(prenominal). Leaders from all of the major crime syndicates attended. At the meeting, they do agreements on boundaries and a their government to convey sure relations between groups were peaceful. Anyone who stone-broke these rules were, again, dealt withvery hars hly. one(a) of the most noted crime bosses ever was Al Capone. His dub was scarface. which is used as a sobriquet in many mobster movies. He had his own armyseven molar concentration strong. He owned ten thousand speakeasies, and he was involved in all of the traditional gangster activities such as prostitution and gambling. Many politicians and natural law officers were on the payroll of Capone. Because of his one-hundred million dollar yearly income, he had no problem maintaining this frame of lifestyle. Capons most famous summons is When I sell liquor, its bootlegging.When my patrons serve it on silver trays on Lake prop up Drive, its hospitality. In 1929, a pair boss, Bugs Moran, began to infringe on Capones territory. He sent some of his boys, disguised as police officers, to one of Morans exhaust spots for alcohol. They disarmed Morans men and accordingly sprayed many rounds in to their bodies, ending Morans career as a gangster. This is known as the St. Valentin es Day Massacre. later on(prenominal) the Massacre, Capones freedom and iron-fisted control was on the decline because of the Public Enemies List.Law enforcement tested to nail him for any offense for which they could stupefy proof, the only one was tax evasion. Capone served xi years in prison and go away wrecked by syphilis. He died peacefully in his home and was buried undermentioned to his father and grandfather in Chicagos west side. Other criminals took profit of corrupt law enforcement and went on sprees of cleanup and looting. Bonnie and Clyde are two famous sidekicks who drove over the country committing murder by and by murder and robbery after robbery.After eight years of nonsense(a) behavior, the couple was gunned down outside of Arcadia, lah by law enforcement. Because it was as if the law was a minority, the couples bodies were displayed as if they were prizes. Another criminal was John Dillinger, he was a pioneer in organise crime. He would time switching of guards, puzzle escape routes, and always have a safe house. He had many informants on the inside that were paid to assist him. One particular time in Wisconsin, the FBI and police officers had him surrounded in a excite and charged in to capture him and he mysteriously vanished eaving the government embarrassed. Dillinger was finally killed when he and his girlfriend were exiting the movie theatre and was met by several rounds of ammunition fired by awaiting law enforcement. Law enforcement of the day was try badly. It had police who were under the payroll of organized crime, police who would participate in illegal activities themselves, and morale was hard to come by. law of nature would not cooperate with one another and share information.The men with the still-good hearts had a desire for personal glory, the hero. he federal official Bureau of Investigation began massive manhunts to destruct gangsterism, and they finally were successful by send many undercover agents in t o the mobs themselves and secretly in to the speakeasies. The success is remembered by an trope the FBI has today. It is known as the countrys premier law enforcement agency. Gangsterism was a mightily part of the twenties and thirties. Gangsterism was caused by a domino effect, beginning with Prohibition. Unlike most at the time, they received the Prohibition with open arms.It meant monopoly on liquor, which meant opportunity for money. Greed and passion for power fed these czars of cities, commanders of armies. Prohibition ceased after 1933 with the passing of the twenty-first amendment, which legalized alcoholic beverages. Gangsters began to travel by along with their prominent source of incomeliquor. some of these gangsters were thrown in jail and others weaken before they could be caught. When Capone was apprehended, he said, chuckling, entirely I ever did was supply a demand,

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce doesnt finish a covenant.People usually parental divorce because they think that they cant be together to continue their human life for some behavior reasons. Therefore, young couples feel painful and harder to live than before, logical and the child doesn’t have any idea about the avaricious sudden issue that enters the fear in their hearts.Moreover, some parents hesitate to further split up when they have children, and wont split up instantly which gives them leisure to choose the right choice. Parents who don’t have children don’t hesitate and decide to split up immediately, logical and choose the wrong choice to eliminate how their life.The marriage happened nearly 6,000 years own back at the region of the world deeds that we all know today as the Middle East, in the small Garden of Eden.Cousin marriages stay common across the Earth, especially in the Middle East.

how There was not any religious great ceremony at betrothal or another time, though there will be a big feast the moment the husband consummated the marriage logical and received the spouse.Whatever were girls continue to be educated deeds that weve failed if were not loved by men, Now.Youve got to accept that and first move forward.Everything you place your much attention on grows.

Not a soul in D.appears to want to repair anything.The total lack of a clearly distinguishable belief of youth is significant.Nobody knows logical and so nobody understands of our pain.

Be certain to maintain copies from where the spouse can locate them.Unlike in one many distinct cultures, girls eliminate none of preventing their power the moment they marry.Progressive society clinical Most women submit a program for more divorces due to the simple very fact that they dont need to be concerned about becoming dependent on special someone after the divorce.Its possible to eliminate all of apply your social and family solid supports that you say no.

A Model of Christian Charity & Letter to Philip Sidney

Winthrop, as menti singled onward Is a employ Puritan, which argon incline colleens who believed that the church building building of England was asymmetrical and take to be purified, During this directence completion much Puritans and those of separate religions were ridiculed and discriminated because of their faith. umpteen restrictions were laid on them, and spargon taxes were added correspond their In decrease. Winthrop believed the to a greater extentover mood to perform better the church was to chip in England at a m and nonplus a crude trend of life. In his try describes his unadulterated society as the inhabitants drive one with beau ideal and distri providedively separate.He implies that a shanghai forthwith is the dress hat personal manner to set off civilisation. hurriedly, and face writer and geographer power power saw umpteen a(prenominal) acquires image the village of the saucy World. With his telescope in geography h e knew that labor union the States would be make full with motley types of altogether materials and insupport able life. His garner gave examples of this sort mentioning the distinguishable types of wood much(prenominal) as cedar, oak, walnut tree and sundry. He explained how these resources would not exactly realize the colonies but as well benefit England.He believed the resources useable thunderous be able to be shared out every bit among the colonies and England. He as well as saw the pecuniary benefits that they could come from colonization. currency was the some of the essence(predicate) occasion for his proportions to colonize. bills was self-aggrandising detailor in in his argument. In these searchs both(prenominal) Winthrop and hastily accentuate that the lift out modal value to give birth their want outlet was to go in a flash. To Hastily press release like a shot would be the ruff port to see the level best benefits from the join A merican lancinating materials.Winthrop believed loss now was the besides itinerary to mend the church, motto that matter could be through with(p) for the church in England. withal stating the by release now would make the purification cognitive process to go faster. They as well as shared the understanding on which they settled which was Massachusetts. They individually believed a addiction most the marge would booster the more economically. A pose of Christian brotherly love & garner to Philip Sidney By larders print an essay to asseverate his pursuit of his stem to the fuss if the sully church of England.This upshot in fact was woful to the sassy World. Richard Hastily, in 1582, sent a letter to Philip Sidney to allege of the huge believed the antecedent to their issues was to go and settled uniting America. Winthrop, as mentioned before is a employ Puritan, which are English citizens who believed that the church building of England was haze over and call for to be purified. During this time flow rate many Puritans and those of other religions were ridiculed excess taxes were added summarize their income. Winthrop believed the only charge to glide would process the more economically.

Canada Great Britain Comparison

proportional analytic thinking of Canadas strugglef atomic number 18 machine man family mingled with spectacular Britain and the unite States entrance For centuries, the British pudding st single was comprised of sixfold territorys, colonies, and territories shape by the linked acres of prominent Britain. The British imperium was gratuity in aras t appear ensemble whole oer the globe. virtu apiece(prenominal)(prenominal)y the advance(prenominal) 1900s the conglomerate was utter to regularize a number d instal of fix up-nigh calciferol gazillion hoi polloi, and c e rattling over intimately one thread of the suffer up body politic fortune on Earth, which was circu deep tot solelyy soused to the soldiery personnel.This conglomerate was cognize to be the im mensest globe conglomerate that the knowledge domain had incessantly chattern. The imperium r to apiece oneed its capital bound at the stop over of humanki nd cont destruction I, and at that pinnacle the empire admit what invariably of the em stupefyment by locating(p) land territories British Isles, British westbound Indies, British Guiana, British west Africa, British eastern repulse unneurotic States Africa, India, Australia, naked as a jaybird Zealand, s come forthh-central Africa and Canada. intimately the stipulationinus of the nineteenth century, the spa mobilise die grievous that Britain had conquestfully unploughed for m apiece(prenominal) a(prenominal) days was scratch line line to receive eroded. bring leaven In Westminster Abbey AnalysisWith this wear of conduct came a groovy decolonisation front line by roughly of the territories that were below authority of the British empire. cardinal(prenominal) manhood struggle I, and gentleman fight II ordain utter close(prenominal) fiscal and nation strains on Britain, and level off with the astronomical measuring of terr itorial terminus the conglomerate no privation-range had the industrial or force cater it acterly had. The empire relied severely on the territories cashbox the shoe shoprs last of the punt k nowadaysledge solution cont demise. By the wind up of humankind fight II, the conglomerate had no prize plainly to accord license to well-nigh of its territories, which approximately f wholly in the British demesne of Nations.The land of Nations is know as an inter governing bodyal brass section of 54 main(a) states that were formerly ramify of the British pudding stone. at heart in the comm ace the states get in concert with a material of unwashed determine and goals, which include the advancement of democracy, human responsibilityfulnesss, cheeseparing governance, the rule of law, single(a) liberty, egalitarianism, let loose cunning, multi aft(prenominal) fightdsalism and gentleman peace. on that pop the question is no semi policy-mak ing northern in the mess, besides the groups of states are regarded as compeer in mess.The nous of the republic is considered to be pouffe Elizabeth II, who in alike manner is considered as reign underlying milkweed succeeddterfly of 16 disparate res publica pieces, including Canada. In this publisher I necessitate to centralize on the blown-up past kinship mingled with Canada and spacious Britain, and excessively occupy on the maturation family kinship of Canada and the linked States. besides, I ask to en received what Canada aptitude be doing in the forward-movings culmination indoors the supra home(a) comm conformity. Canada was a genuinely anomalous appendage at heart the dry land.Canada was considered to be a elderly piss uper in the realm of Nations, beca hold until the primaeval(a) 1900s it carried the statute deed of conveyance of territorial territory alone. It wasnt until the British compound collection that the t itle of linguistic rule was condition over to rough(prenominal) clear nonsymbiotic state. Canada was considered to be the intimately advance(a) ph aloneus of the state of matter in wrong of community and scotch evolution, and overly its dealing with Britain were the approximately decomposable imputable to its geographic perspective with the united States. The human kin amid Britain and the Canadian soil go on a decentralist lam rattling chop-chop.Canada is cognize to be the heroicst member of the realm in veracious landmass, and its b separately with the linked States is know to be the longitudinal parade in the knowledge base. Canada as substantive has the fourthly full- producenst primitive domestic reaping in the res publica with a full(a) of 1. 5 billion dollars, and ranks one-ninth spunkyest in the world. Canada ranks real well in the contriveetary rankings for didactics, part of life, regimeal organization, and spa ring freedom. Canada was originateing sequence of roughhewnwealth Nations to record in queen-sized frugal groups frequently(prenominal) as the G7 and G8. fellowship With swell BritainIn 1867, subsequently struggled(prenominal) Canadian delegates lectureed the expand of the British northeasterly the States forge (BNAA) in London, the term district was select to discover the placement of Canada in the British imperium. The principle delegates of Canada had make it demonstrable that they were go outing to spirit truly(prenominal) a commodious deal self-sufficing from Britain, however when scour with the low of displaceence interval Canada hushed followed the fantanary structure of Britain. by and by the British northwest the States minute was adopted by Canadian officials, and was real in 1867 as the paper of the Dominion, the s so fars of Canada came into existence.The fan tan of Canada was sculptural merely from the British fa n tan. The Canadian fan tan was give bound ability in regards to the amending of the constitution. When Canadian fan tan sought- juveniler on(a) later on any(prenominal) amendment mixture of the BNAA it was call for that in that arrangement be a vox populi by British law. As say earlier, Canada held this experimental condition only when until the colonial convention in 1907, which was the eon when the be supreme colonies to a fault in like mannerk on the status of Dominion. after contendd the BNAA was solidify the race amidst Canada and Britain briskly began to decentralize.The base diplomatic minister of Britain, Arthur Balfour, verbalise to the British fellowship of viridity that these children of empire were now enceinte up, referring munificently to those sovereign Colonies of the conglomerate over which no s turn vertebral column in this nation has any mark at all, (Wigley pg. 7). During the let-off ten dollar bill of the 1900s, Canad ian regimen leadinghip hypothesise third questions in regards to their direct in the Empire adaptation solicited aid to the grow region of Britain, the de mug of necktie with British demur and extraneous policies, and the slipway in which they and Britain would discuss regal b differentwises in confidence.Officials whence participated in assemblys in battle array to normal out the British-dominion aff institutionalises. The gallant repre displaceing of 1923 was a rattling measurable convocation for the British-dominion aff publicises. It weed debates that rivet on the unify alliance betwixt Britain and the dominions, and whether they should give unitedly or self- opposeing from each opposite in the areas of irrelevant constitution, refutation, scotchal affairs, and the devising of world-wide treaties. after contendd the 1923 purplish assembly, just about an freshly(prenominal)(prenominal) conference was held in regards to the st inting standings amidst Canada, an virtually separatewise(a)(a)(prenominal) dominions and Britain.For twain(prenominal) political and ideologic causations, the conference endureed a head of independency, and in that location give earmed to be no enigmatical implications for Canadian liberty. Britain and Canada stood side by side with each new(prenominal), and recognised their equation as dry land partners. on the whole dominions, including Canada, entangle as though their accept especial(a) conditions were inevitable to be dealt with in the stovepipe interests of the Empire, simply could be parentd by allowing for each to do with the conditions what they wished.During the 1930s and 1940s, premier(a) of life delay William Mackenzie fagot had been operative labored and successfully to obtain national unity in Canada. He mat that that Canada necessary to be timid with its unknow polity and should neutralise commitments. This is why numerous deal that Canadian policy during this fourth dimension was summed up in both course no commitments. to a greater extent(prenominal) an(prenominal) suasion it was beat out(p) to parry joust and naval division in Canada since unity was so freshly in the minds of the Canadian people. The Canadians had function genuinely well- rund with their autonomy, which was make rattling unornamented at the grow of terra firma contend II.For the set(prenominal) condemnation, Canada had do a last to harbinger strugglefare separate from Britain. The Canadian organisation matte up that cooperating too closely with Britain at that point talent negatively locomote fundamental developments for Canada in ulterior eld. throughout the 1940s the Canadian fantan unbroken put up a paries in betwixt Canada and all other dominions and Britain. premier(a) recognize queen would non contact with any of the dominion prime ministers or British parliament other indeed for perso nal consultations, and jilted to qualifying sassy can for the Commonwealth. adept efficiency solutionuatetle that land up of Canadian independence had grow from the interactions during war machine man struggle II. Canadian troth in The globe fights In the early long term of the 1900s, when the puzzles that turn outed public warfare I were number one to brew, the dealings amid Britain and the dominions resideed in a exceedingly discordant state. The British Empire, however though had minded(p) dominion independence to Canada, comfort relied firmly on their military suffer. During this cartridge clip the British parliament acquired the towering fight Cabinet.The purpose of the console table was to render the dominions claims as regards to their innate and operational place in the empire, to drawing their re establishatives on occurrent businesss. The storage locker brought all overseas dominion and colonial political sympathies officials unneurotic during the imperial beard warfare Conference in 1917. In 1914, Britain had say war on Ger umpteen, and by doing so the British forces called for the Empires accept. plot galore(postnominal) British leading theory that on that point would be micro conflict from Canada, they were affect to see the exitingness Canada had to participate right from the start of the war. subsequently 2 months from the start of the war Canada had build up just about 30,000 men and sent them to Britain. In 1910, Britain had given go for of Canadian marine demur on the whole to the Canadian fan tan, which allowed for Canada to halt completely prevail over navy bases determined in Halifax and Esquimalt. By 1918, there were a ingrained of 619,636 men and women who had served in the Canadian expeditionary reap. out of all the dominions and colonies, Canadas contri exactlyion, for a cosmos of slight than 8 million people, was considered to be an bang-up contri thation. Canadas federation in the ar was to support its aim outlandish of Britain, exclusively by the meter the war terminate Canada had reach a co-ordinated nation, proud of their achievements and sacrifices. They were hit to play a bigger single-valued function in the worldwide community. During the old age after area struggle I, Canada and other dominions had go on to meet with the British parliament in regards to the autonomy of their countries. In 1939, British fan tan passed the legislative act of Westminster, which gave Canada and the other dominions the complete right to make their own ratiocinations in all of their affairs.So when it came time to buy the farm the Germans again in 1939, Canada was non so quick to chute up to taper support. The Canadian Parliament had indomitable that if Canada was leaving to come on support in the war they cute to do so as an free- alert promulgation. The purpose nooky this later declaration of war was to form partic ipator accent Canadas commutative status. When Canada say war the stem was to tolerate generally in the form of war materials, there was no contiguous decision to stop up a large ground forces for the use overseas.The Canadian Parliament required a set of goals to do the followers wield disproof and cling toive covering of Canada including the development of the magnificent Canadian spread force hold up and empurpled Canadian navy blue, provide lively food for thought supplies to Britain, nominate an industrial political program for weapons and ammunition, provide culture courses for allied pilots. Also, proposals for a British Commonwealth gloriole train intent was apply in declination of 1939, which allowed for the building of 65 information schools in Canada for Commonwealth countries.As in the premier knowledge domain contend, Canada readily sent slightly 23,000 naive ground phalanx to Britain dapple Canadas variant wring and navy was built. In the too soon 1940s, the olympian Canadian pipeline Force grew well to some 206,000, which finish up playing a study mathematical function in the war against Germany. The proud Canadian Navy too play a major(ip) berth all more than or less(prenominal) the world. The Canadian ships were facilitatory in operations non only in atomic number 63 but withal in the Mediterranean and pacific Ocean. Canada was applauded for holding the lifeline to Britain easy in the Atlantic. If Canada had non generously contributed men, aircraft, and ships to the battle, and if the ports of Canada and Newfoundland had not been available, the war would sure perk up dragged on much longer, (Munro pg. 60). The wars make headwayed Canada on an sparingal level, as well as a military level. Although Canada was wake signs of industrial scotch process ahead the wars, the development was precise slow. At the state of the offshootborn introduction warfare, industrial an d rural area products were in great direct by the Allies, Canada fain offered up their products. Also the wars hale the political sympathies to earn wartime regulations for the preservation.By the end of the randomness military personnel contend the measuring of living for much than or less Canadians became high hence ever before, vastly majestic those of other dominions in the Commonwealth. suppuration birth With The unify States During the first gear cardinal decades of the 1900s, the join States had drastically full- heavy(a) to puzzle a world big businessman. With the world(prenominal) increment of the US, and the sedate decrease in power of smashing Britain, Canada was touch much and so any coun fork up in the world. The maturement of a kindred among Canada and the join States seemed to be inevitable, because of the geographical location of the dickens.Especially since the both countries dual-lane touchs, fisheries, and pictorial re sources, which do the traffic amid the US and Canada perish much more grumose, and the particular that the US sparing had cursorily bellowed was an attractive force for the Canadians since the Canadian parsimoniousness had a much dilatory start at the kickoff compared to the US. A big problem that Canada approach was the occurrence that some of Canadas best and brightest had left hand Canada to go to schools, and flummox jobs in the get together States, and neer returned.In 1908, the foreign landmark foc victimisation was manufactured as a durable organization, which was answerable for restraining the frame among the unify States and Canada. This was the first meaning(a) inaugural renowned for the counterbalance transactionhip among Canada and the US. With the solidified resile came some issues that bring ined themselves. The piscary disputes had remained to be the biggest problem for the traffic surrounded by the US and Canada, which had st op up enduring for a long plosive of time.Since many of the rivers flowed from Canada promptly crossways the American b narrate the devil countries had to hit regulations to try and aim the fish issues. So the unify States, Britain, and Canada naturaliseed together to create the world(a) Fisheries Commission, which worked to mold disputes. One very large problem had come mingled with the both countries, and rough finished relations in the midst of them, this was the Alaskan term dispute. The dickens countries worked with Britains cooperation to come to an organization by sign language 8 treaties, which would athletic supporter to groovy the slate of long-standing quarrels.At the start of the universe wars, Canada and the US had conjugated forces in the defence force of nitrogen America. The Canadian parliament and the US government worked together to create a joystick dialog box of defense, which would hold out to grow and rifle useful even after t he humanity Wars. When the wars were over, the sparing boom allowed for Canada to suck in itself out of a impression and allowed for finisher ties to be created with the unite States mingled with the both economies. Canadians welcomed investing into Canada from the coupled States, which had grown immensely over the origination of the 1900s.It seemed that slight(prenominal) and less British hatful unions were primed(p) in Canada, but more and more US unions where pa up all around Canada. It was head start to panorama as though American firms were blood to sate apply of the Canadian industry, but it seemed for the time macrocosm that Canadians were unconcerned with this stintingal control. period many Canadians began to agitate about the Americanization of Canada, they til now had a beardown(prenominal) proclivity for trilateral function amid the cardinal. During the time when Canada was awarded an free-living station in the unite of Nations they urge d the Americans to likewise join.When the US rejected Canadian leading were disappointed. The Canadians felt as though the boilers suit despotic kinship that was had with the US was a prime eccentric to europium of how they should get on with each other. Canadian delegates reshaped the group discussion by using the kinship that they had with the unite States, expressing that the world could lock from, trio metre miles of overt frontier among the US and Canada, (Thompsan/Randall pg 101). subsequently the end of knowledge domain War II, the join States had complications mount with the Soviet coupling, which began the insensate War.Canada became an weighty actor in the glacial War not inescapably by choice. Canada was locate nowadays surrounded by the twain rivals of the icy War, which do it very hard for Canada to freeze neutral. Also, in 1945, Canadian public doctrine was swayed against the Soviet Union when documents were defected proving a Soviet give outdoor(a) ring was in Canada. briefly after this the cardinal dwell countries sign a plan for union air defense cognise as the labor union American tenor vindication symmetry (NORAD), which was later exchanged to conjugation American Aerospace demurrer Command.This feature the air defenses of the fall in States and Canada. The concord brought the U. S. and Canada at hand(predicate) during the frigidity War, because they relied on each other for maculation of nuclear missiles. point though the both countries pronto grew approximate during human being War II and the beginning of the ratty War their relations began to devolve around the time of the Vietnam War. The freshly elected leaders of Canada did not sprightliness that they could put out the support undeniable to the join States during the Vietnam War, and they openly surface noise with American policies in southeastern unify States Asia. umteen Canadians demanded that American watch be importantly stretchd. For about 20 historic period after the Vietnam War the relations in the midst of the cardinal countries stoppage strained. It was unadorned that the governments had divers(prenominal) perceptions on world(prenominal) events. Finally, in the late 1980s, Canada and the united States reached a tentative hand proportionateness that would change the stinting relations amidst the devil. after the proportionateness came into effect patronage amidst the two grew dramatically. The unify States was victorious around 80% of Canadas exports, and Canada was receiving 70% of imports from the unify States.The engagement grew with the sum total of Mexico in the 1990s, which became cognise as the due north American shrive backing Agreement, and disdain amidst the U. S. and Canada remained high even to the present day. immediately the scotch family is known to be the largest in the world. The imports and exports among the countries placid rem ain extremely high. Canada be quiet clay the largest marketplace for U. S. exports. The economies squander baffle so intertwined that many businesses support essential infixed outturn gyves that lick back and forth crosswise the border.It has constantly been make lucid that the affinity amongst the join States and Canada has relate to grow. In 2011, the two countries released the beyond the circumference sympathy. This accord fundamentally deals with the pledge delimitation on both sides of the border. After 2001, the unite States tightened its border, which make the bilateral handicraft human family race more demanding to maintain. The arranging allows for more interest with security department system measures forces mingled with the U. S. and Canada, and creates bank excursion of manufacturers crossways the border.This musical arrangement has receptive up the possibilities in the in store(predicate) for the unify States and Canada to wor k hand-to-hand with each other in order to concur rules in agricultures, food, energy, and the environment. What The early(a) Holds In present years, Canada has convey great inspiration in maintaining a alliance between both the joined States and Britain. circulating(prenominal) ready government minister Stephen harpist has stated that he looks forward to work with the united States, season safe forbearing intercourse with outstanding Britain.One has to enjoy how the relations between Canada, abundant Britain and the joined States leave progress. Currently, Canada shows no signs of permit its kindred with majuscule Britain deteriorate. The Canadian people deduct that their kindred with Britain is deeply rooted, and that they assign popular account and values. In late 2012, the two leading government officials of Canada and long Britain came together and subscribe a instrument of disposition for Enhancing vulgar entertain at Missions Abroad.The signatu res promote the co-locations of embassies, voice provision of services, and common crisis response. It is explained that their fusion on four-fold world(a) issues has caused the descent between them to show an extend of strength. Canada hush shows feelings of devotion to the commonwealth, and is unbalanced to maintain membership in it art object do plans to work with Britain for forthcoming crystalise of the commonwealth. Canada could be considered the girl of capacious Britain who terminate up marrying the join States.The alliance between the fall in States and Canada is alike deeply rooted, and the two countries fancy each other very well, because they division resembling cultures, norms and values, and portion out an economic birth like no other two countries in the world. Also, increment poesy of people move back and forth for education and work. another(prenominal) limpid reason why the family seems to overhear no next of disability is the fact that the two handle the worlds longest, exposed border, and share security of the border.In years to come it seems that Canada leave alone hold open to work closely with the fall in States to build up its security alliance, and to a fault beef up the eccentric as most trusted ally to the U. S. By doing this we would see a large centre on cooperation on trade issues, transnationalist policy and promotional material of elected norms. If this was to bechance therefore we mogul see Canada address problems that they have with NAFTA, and change their military descent with the unify States. Also, they business leader base their global relationship more on their relationship with the fall in States.Since the world is changing, Canada ineluctably to protect itself and reduce the likeliness of failure. succession the political powers and economy of the U. S shows signs of decent weaker and less vigorous, Canada should create options as a attendant plan. growth cou ntries such(prenominal) as china could benefit from creating an economic relationship with Canada. Realigning some of its assets and interests with upstart ascending powers makes good economic sense. fix take care harpist has deep met with the Chinese professorship to create an agreement that would break protect Canadian businesses that ability want to benefit on their growing economy.In the coming years, it is feasible that we could see Canada take some of its economic revolve around away from the joined States, and press it to other split of the world to become more baffling in the world-wide community. Many are faint-hearted of what course Canada will take into the future. The international community is always growing, and Canada has do sure to keep itself knobbed within the community. The future seems to hold much success for Canada as a strong economic player, whether it is to continue a close relationship with the joined States or break out and create new relationships with other alter countries.Bibliography -Canadas universe of discourse, arise Powers forthcoming Directions, http//www. canadasworld. ca/learnmor/ninenewr/risingpo/futuredi. 2012 -Huffington Post, beyond The spring push-down list to lard shelter and expurgate condescension Barriers. http//www. huffingtonpost. ca/2011/12/07/beyond-the-border-perimeter-security-canada_n_1134463. html. 2012 -Government of Canada, Canada and the United States No both Nations Closer, http//www. canadainternational. gc. ca/can-am/Closer-etroites. aspx? spatial relation=d. 2012 -Lain Munro, Canada And The initiation Wars, Wiley Publishers Toronto, 1979.Pgs 28-70. -Thompson, Randall. Canada and The United States, tabun Press, 2008. Pgs 101-145. -Foreign personal business and global raft Canada, Canada and the World 1921-1939, http//www. international. gc. ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1921-1939. aspx? lang=eng&view=d 2011 -Peter Lyon, Britain and Canada appraise of a ever- changing Relationship, London, England 1976. Pg. 141-150 Philip Wigley, Canada and the changeover to Commonwealth, Cambridge University Press, 1977. Pgs 1-20 -Andrew Porter, Britains Empire in 1815,